The Kingdom of Galicia in the texts (413- 1845) II.

Previously: https://budgetpixel.com/blog/the-kingdom-of-galicia-in-the-texts-413-1845-i?v=1774892911170 THE CONVULSIVE ERA. THE PRINCES OF GALLICIA MOVE THE SEAT TO LEÓN. THE FIRST DIVISIONS OF THE KINGDOM OF GALLECIA OR GALLICIA: GALICIA AND TERRA DE FORIS INTRODUCTION At first, the reigns are brief and disputed. The ancient kingdom reunifies during the reign of Ramiro II. TERRA DE FORIS IN DOCUMENTS The extensive kingdom was divided into Galicia proper (with the capitals of Braga, Lugo, and Astorga), already recognized by the Arabs during the 10th century as Galīsiyya , at the extremity of Ŷillīqiyya (Gallecia or Gallicia), and Terra de Foris . Externally, in Arab references, the kingdom was seen as a single kingdom. The term Terra de Foris (also Foris Terra ) is understood as "the foreign land [the outsider's land]" . It refers to the territory of Gallecia or Gallicia annexed in Suevic times in the eastern part of their kingdom, its natural limes being the Pisuerga River and the Cea River, where the "legionense" or Leonese seat was located, always referring to the city and never to an external territory of Gallecia or Gallicia, and even less (like Asturias) independent from the kingdom or the Galician province, as can also be deduced from the Silense or Legionense Chronicle . • « [...] natalis sanctorum Emetherii et Celedonii, qui primum apud Legionensem Galliciae civitatem milites [...] » « [...] the birth of the saints Emeterius and Celedonius, who first at the Leonese City OF GALICIA were soldiers [...] » ( Usuardus Sangermanensis : "Martyrologium" , 9th century). • « in ciuitate que uocitatur Legio, in territorio Gallecie » « in the city which is called León, in the territory OF GALICIA » (León Cathedral, year 928). • « in Legione de Galletia » « in León OF GALICIA » (León Cathedral, year 946). • « [...] civitate vocantur Legione in Gallaecia » « [...] the city called León IN GALICIA » (Letter from Sancho of Navarre to Vermudo III, Monastery of San Juan de la Peña-Huesca, year 1030). This reference to Terra de Foris, which Spanish national historiography deceptively calls León, is found in the inheritance of the kingdoms by the monarchs or their dominant territories and in the testaments of the Galician nobility related to the king. • « post discessum huius uite genitores mei parauit se DIUISIO INTER GALLETIAE ET TERRA DE FORIS uel ciuitates de fratribus meis, qui obtinuerunt ciuitates et Terra de Foris [---] fecerunt modo uero fratrem meum domno Santio principem in regno constituto » « After the departure from this life of my parents, a DIVISION WAS PREPARED BETWEEN GALICIA AND THE FOREIGN LAND or the cities of my brothers, who obtained the cities and the Foreign Land [...] they made my brother Lord Sancho prince, established in the kingdom » (Celanova Monastery, Tumbo 2/505, year 925). The two eldest sons of Ordoño II divided the kingdom (parauit se diuisio inter Galletiae et Terra de Foris), so that Sancho Ordóñez kept Galicia with the title of king (domno Sancio in regno constituto), after his coronation in Santiago, while his brother Alfonso IV did the same in León. • « in Bergido in villa Sicca Vª parte. IN TERRA DE FORIS in Hordas, in ripa Rubea, in Alisonza, in Sullantio » « In Bergido, in villa Sicca, the fifth part. IN THE FOREIGN LAND in Hordas, on the Rubea Bank, in Alisonza, in Sullantio » (Celanova Monastery, Tumbo 1/2, year 942). • « regnante Veremudo serenissimo PRINCIPE IN FORIS TERRA SEU ET GALLECIE DOMINANTE » « Reigning Vermudo, most serene PRINCE, DOMINATING IN THE FOREIGN LAND AND ALSO IN GALICIA » (Samos Monastery, Tumbo 178, year 988). SAHAGÚN MONASTERY IN GALICIA This territorial fact manifests itself more clearly when it already refers to the monastery of Sahagún (San Facundo), located in the ancient Campus Gallaeciae (later Campi Gothici ): • « Collegio fratrum Sanctorum Facundi & Primitibi in finibus GALLECIE super ripam amnes Ceia » « To the college of brothers of Saints Facundus and Primitivus, on the borders OF GALICIA, on the bank of the Cea River » (Sahagún Monastery, year 1068). « Very gross ignorance, or very affected, of the Geography of Spain; for without having read Strabo, nor Mela, nor Ptolemy, one could see in all the ancient Geographers of Spain, and in the Histories of this Kingdom, that for many centuries the Kingdom of Galicia reached Sahagún, and somewhat further, to what was later called, and is called today, the Kingdom of Castile: and never, when this was not so certain, would the words 'in finibus Galaeciae' be verified of Ourense, nor of its surroundings; for no one until now has said that the land of Ourense is at the extremes/borders of Galicia » (Romualdo Escalona: "Historia del Real Monasterio de Sahagún", apud Joachin Ibarra, Madrid 1782, p.10). CASTLE OF LUNA IN GALICIA It is extremely curious that two ancient recognized historiographers, from two different countries, one French and one Portuguese, agree in placing the Castle of Luna in Galicia: • « Ce Prince (García), moins heureux que ſon frere, ne put comme lui recouvrer ſa liberté, & il fut long-tems gardé dans le CHÂTEAU DE LUNA EN GALICE » « This Prince (Garcia), less fortunate than his brother, could not like him recover his liberty, and he was kept for a long time in the CASTLE OF LUNA IN GALICIA » ( Jean du Castre d'Auvigny : "Amusements Historiques" . Tome premier, Paris 1734, p.254). • « prendérao a seu Rey dom García, que levado ao CASTELO DE LUNA EM GALLIZA, nelle morreo » « They took their King dom Garcia, who was taken to the CASTLE OF LUNA IN GALIZA, where he died » ( Antonio Carvalho da Costa : "Corografía portugueza, e descripçam topográfica do famoso Reyno de Portugal" . Tomo Primeiro, apud Valentim da Costa Deslandes, Lisboa, 1706, p. 11). THE EASTERN LIMIT: THE PISUERGA RIVER The eastern limit is clearly marked on the Pisuerga River: • « Illud omnimode interdicimus, ut nulli unquam personae facultas si Beati Jacobi Eclesiae censum illum qualibet ocasione subtrahere, quem Hispanorum Reges nobilis memoriae Alfonsi presentis, praedecesores pro salute TOTIUS REGNI VEL PROVINCIA STATUERUNT A FLUMINE PISORICAE USQUE AD LITUS OCEANI, annuatium ex singulis Boum paribus persolvendum, sicut in scriptis eiusdem Eclesiae continetur » « We forbid in every way that any person ever have the faculty to subtract by any occasion that tax of the Church of Saint James, which the Kings of the Spaniards of noble memory, the predecessors of the present Alfonso, established FOR THE SALVATION OF THE WHOLE KINGDOM OR PROVINCE FROM THE RIVER PISUERGA TO THE SHORE OF THE OCEAN, to be paid annually from each pair of oxen, as is contained in the writings of the same Church » ( "Historia Compostelana" collected in "España Sagrada" by Henrique Flórez , tomo XX, Madrid, 1763, p. 32). This could be considered partial if it were not exactly the same limit that the Crónica Silense marks both for the kingdom of Gallecia [Gallicia] of Vermudo III and Alfonso V and for the place of origin of Fernando I (who comes from the borders of Gallecia [Gallicia], that is, from the banks of the Pisuerga river, since he was Navarrese-Castilian): • « Ceterum Veremudus infans a finibus Galleciensium usque ad fluvium Pisorga qui Cantabriensium regnum separat, obeunte patre rex constituitur » « Moreover, the infant Vermudo from the borders of the Galicians up to the river Pisuerga, which separates the kingdom of the Cantabrians, upon his father's death is constituted king » ( "Historia silense" . [ed.] Francisco Santos Coco, JAEIC, Madrid, 1921, p. 64). • « Siquidem Sancius Cantabriensium, post mortem Adefonsi Galleciensium principis, Veremudo teneris annis impeditu, partem regni sui videlicet a flumine Pisorga adusque Ceia suo dominio mancipaverat » « Indeed Sancho of the Cantabrians, after the death of Alfonso, prince of the Galicians, with Vermudo hindered by tender years, had taken for his dominion part of his kingdom, namely from the river Pisuerga up to the Cea » ( "Historia silense" . [ed.] Francisco Santos Coco, JAEIC, Madrid, 1921, p. 65). • « Fredinandus deinceps extincto Veremudo, a finibus Gallecie veniens obsedit Legionem, et omne regnum sue ditioni degitur » « Ferdinand thereafter, Vermudo having been extinguished, coming from the borders of Galicia besieged León, and the whole kingdom was brought under his rule » ( "Historia silense" . [ed.] Francisco Santos Coco, JAEIC, Madrid, 1921, p. 67). LIST OF REFERENCES TO LEÓN AS A CITY (NOT KINGDOM) • « Adefonso regi IN CIUITATE LEGIONENSI » « To King Alfonso IN THE LEGIONENSE CITY » (y. 912) • « regnante et imperante principe nostro glorioso domnus Adefonsus LEGIONENSE SEDIS » « Reigning and commanding our glorious lord prince Alfonso OF THE LEGIONENSE SEE » (y. 929) • « Ranimirus rex IN LEGIONEM CIUITAS » « King Ramiro IN THE CITY OF LEÓN » (y. 940) • « Ordonio rege IN LEGIONE CIVITATE » « King Ordoño IN THE LEGIONENSE CITY » (10th cent.) • « Ranemirus IN CIVITATE REGIS SEDIS LEGIONEM » « Ramiro IN THE CITY OF THE KING'S SEE OF LEÓN » (y. 982) • « regnante Sanctius rex IN SEDIS LEGIONENSIS » « King Sancho reigning IN THE LEGIONENSE SEE » (y. 1032) • « regnante principe Fernando prolis Santii IN SEDE LEGIONIS » « Prince Ferdinand, son of Sancho, reigning IN THE SEE OF LEÓN » (y. 1042) • « regnante rege Adefonso IN LEGIO CIVITAS » « King Alfonso reigning IN THE CITY OF LEÓN » (y. 1108) Note: All references say IN THE CITY of León, never "King OF León". THE FIRST OBJECTIVE OF THE GALICIAN MONARCHS The first objective of the galician monarchs was to recover, from El Bierzo and Galicia (Trastámara, Salnés, and the current province of Lugo and extreme north of Ourense), the western zone of the ancient kingdom. Equally, an important and very populated monastic network begins in these two regions of the Kingdom of Gallecia (or Gallicia), at the same time as the apostolic "inventio", not mentioned in the Asturian Chronicles nor later in the Castilian ones, is the catalyzing center that, on one hand, internally unifies the kingdom and, on the other, integrates it into the european world. This connection with Europe, which along with the ideological ones (the adoption of the french ecclesiastical rite) also extends to commercial relations, will provoke a serious ecclesiastical conflict between Toledo and Compostela, a conflict that will not end until the reign of Philip II. And even the current choronym Galiza / Galicia comes from the Frankish form Gallicia (Galyce > Galice) and not from the Hispanic form Gallecia. Note: In the Historia Compostellana it is clearly stated that Gelmírez transplanted to his Church the uses and customs of the Churches of France: • « applicuit animum, ut consuetudines ecclesiarum Francie ibi plantaret » « He devoted himself to plant the customs of the churches of France there » ( CC.MM 70, 222). Likewise, in the opposite sense, in the eyes of a 13th-century Frank, the Castilian land (Castile and Campos , it is, Terra de Foris ) is the land "of the Spaniards", which is full of "bad and vicious men", different from the "land of the Galicians", which "accommodates itself more perfectly than the other 'Spanish' populations, of backward customs, to our Gallic people, but the Galicians are irascible and litigious": cf. Codex Calixtinus vel Liber Sancti Jacobi. Liber Peregrinationis, cap. VII, 13th century ). • GARCÍA I, KING IN TERRA DE FORIS (GALLECIA/GALLICIA) (910-913) García I was king in Terra de Foris where he established his seat in the "civitate quae vocantur Legio, territorio Gallecie" (the city which is called León, in the territory of Galicia). He had opposition in Galicia proper, where his brother Ordoño II would be crowned, married to Elvira Menéndez, daughter of the powerful Galician noble, related to royalty, liberator of Coimbra up to the Mondego River, Hermenegildus Goterres, dux of Gallecia or Gallicia, count of Tui and count of Portucale. Note: Hermenegildus Goterres was married to the cousin of Alfonso III, the Bierzo-born Hermesinda Gatóniz, daughter of Count Gatón of El Bierzo, son of Ramiro I and brother of Ordoño I (cf. Al-Bayan Al-Mughrib ). • « Pusieron en su lugar a su hijo García, [...] aunque se le resistió su hermano, Ordoño hijo de Alfonso, en el occidente del país, en Galicia [Galīsiyya], extremo de Ŷillīqiyya, que llega a Coímbra, cerca de tierra musulmana, de la que el enemigo se había apoderado hacía poco » « They placed in his place his son García, [...] although his brother, Ordoño son of Alfonso, resisted him in the west of the country, in Galicia [Galīsiyya], extremity of Ŷillīqiyya, which reaches Coimbra, near Muslim land, of which the enemy had taken possession a short time before » (Arab Chronicles: Al-Muqtabis ). • « García, fillo de Alfonso, rei dos galegos » « García, son of Alfonso, king of the Galicians » (Arab Chronicles: al-Razí ). • « García, fillo de Alfonso, rei de Yillîqiyyâ » « García, son of Alfonso, king of Yillîqiyyâ (Galicia) » (Arab Chronicles: Ibn Hayyan ). • ORDONIUS II, GALLICIÆ REX (KING OF GALICIA 911-914; KING OF GALLECIA/GALLICIA 914-924) Ordoño II was King of nuclear Galicia [Galīsiyya] between the years 911-914 and King of extensive Galicia [Ŷillīqiyya] between the years 914 and 924. • « Quem profecto, Ordonium insignem militem, Adefonsus pater magnus et gloriosus rex vivens, Galleciensium provincie prefecerat » « Whom indeed, Ordoño, distinguished soldier, Alfonso, his father, great and glorious king, while living, had placed in charge of the province of the Galicians » ( Francisco Santos Coco [ed.]: "Historia silense" . JAEIC, Madrid, 1921, p. 36). Note: Alfonso III placed Ordoño in charge of Galleciensium provincie (province of the Galicians), NOT León. • « Siquidem dum pater adhuc viveret et ipse Galleciensibus dominaretur, [Ordonius] collecto totius provincie exercitu Beticam provinciam petiit » « Indeed, while his father was still alive and he himself was ruling over the Galicians, [Ordoño] gathering an army of the whole province, sought the province of Baetica » ( Francisco Santos Coco [ed.]: "Historia silense" . JAEIC, Madrid, 1921, p. 37). • « Urdun ibn Idfunsh tagiya/'azim Yillîqiyyâ » « Ordoño, son of Alfonso, ruler/Great of Yillîqiyyâ (Gallecia/Gallicia) » (Arab Chronicles: Ibn al-Atir , Ibn Hayyan , al-Razí ). • « Ordon, señor de Yallîqiyyâ » « Ordoño, lord of Gallecia/Gallicia » (Arab Chronicles: Aben-Ahhari ). • FROILA II, GALLICIÆ REX (KING OF THE ASTURIANS 910-924; KING OF GALLECIA/GALLICIA 924-925) • « This year the tyrant Froila, prince of the Galicians (al-yalâliqa), passed away » (Arabic Chronicles: Ibn Hayyan , al-Razí ) • « The tyrant Fruela, lord of Yillîqiyyâ » (Arabic Chronicles: al-Nasir ) The reign of Froila II of Galicia and Asturias presupposes, in fact, the second reign of Asturias after the usurper Nepotian (deposed, chained, and blinded by Ramiro I following military defeat). • ALFONSUS FROILAZ, GALLICIÆ REX (925-926). Usurping the territory of Asturias in 926–931 : cf. Gómez-Moreno (ed.): "Las primeras crónicas: Nomina regum catolicorum legionensium" , p. 628. Alfonso Froilaz took refuge in Asturias after the division of the kingdom of Gallecia/Gallicia between Sancho and Alfonso (y. 926), sons of Ordoño II. There, all the Froilaz remained until the coronation of Ramiro II on November 6, 931 ( Ranimirus frater Adefonsi ordinatus est VIII idus nouembris ), for it was this monarch who resolved to put an end to the irregular "Asturian" reign of his cousin Alfonso Froilaz. • « Ille uero Asturias ingressus, cepit omnes filios Froylani: Adefonsum, qui sceptra paterna regere uidebatur, Ordonium et Ramirum secum adduxit; periterque cum frater suo suprafato Adefonso, qui ergastulo tenebatur, coniuxit, et omnes simul in vno die orbare precepit. Regnauerat quidem Adefonsus annos septem et menses septem. Era nonagessima LXIX, Ramirus securus regnans » « He, having entered Asturias, seized all the sons of Froila: Alfonso, who seemed to wield the paternal scepter, Ordoño, and Ramiro; he brought them with him; and together with his aforementioned brother Alfonso, who was held in prison, he joined them, and ordered all of them to be blinded on the same day. Indeed, Alfonso had reigned for seven years and seven months. Era 969 [931 AD], Ramiro reigning securely » ( "Introducción a la Historia Silense. Chronica Sampiri" , trans. M. Gómez-Moreno, with Spanish version of the same and of Sampiro's chronicle, Madrid 1921, CIII: ed. Pérez de Urbel, Sampiro , p. 322). • « Ramiro… reunió a todos… cuyos propósitos de reinar temía, y los cegó, entre ellos a… los tres hijos, Alfonso, Ramiro y Ordoño, del… anterior monarca… a partir de lo cual reinó sólidamente y sin competidores, acabando todo esto a principios del año 320 (= principios de 932) » « Ramiro… gathered all those… whose ambitions to reign he feared, and blinded them, among them… the three sons, Alfonso, Ramiro, and Ordoño, of the… previous monarch… after which he reigned solidly and without rivals, all of this ending at the beginning of the year 320 [Hijri] (= beginning of 932 AD) » (Arabic Chronicles: Ibn Hayyan ). The reign of Alfonso Froilaz cannot be considered legitimate, given that upon accessing the thrones of Galicia and Terra de Foris, Sancho and Alfonso, sons of Ordoño II, held authority. Still holding the Asturian scepter until the year 931, it was Ramiro II who decided to end this irregular situation, imprisoning the entire Froilaz family and blinding them. We know that the Froilaz family was captured and delivered in León by the dux of Gallecia/Gallicia, the Galician count Gutier Osoriz, father of Queen Adosinda Gutiérrez, wife of Ramiro II, and of Osorio Gutiérrez, nicknamed "the holy count" and founder of the monastery of Lourenzá (Lugo), and grandfather of Countess Elvira Rodríguez, wife of the Lucensian count Rodrigo Romániz, grandson of Vermudo II and nephew of Alfonso V. All of them are characters worthy of a novel. • « In diebus quando ipse comes Guttier Osoriz presentauit illos infantes ante prefatus rex in ciuitatem rege sedis Legionem, quando eos cediderunt et suam terram ipsi comes et cum gens sua de manu regis ad imperandum acceperunt » « In the days when that count Gutier Osoriz presented those infants before the aforementioned king in the royal city of the seat of León, when they were executed, and the same count with his people received from the king's hand the land of the infants to govern » ( Document of Odoyno : AHN, Tumbo de Celanova, ff. 97v–100v). From the Arabic references, it is deduced that Asturias, like Galicia and Terra de Foris, continued to be included within the province of Gallecia (or Gallicia). Miscellanea: References to the Kingdom of Galicia in European Literature (Medieval to Modern Periods). GALICIAN AS A LITERARY LANGUAGE: The text explicitly mentions "Galiciâne" (Galician) alongside: Franzoys (French) Bertûn (Breton) Provenzâle (Provençal) Burgunjoys (Burgundian) This is EXTRAORDINARY evidence that: • Galician was considered a major Romance language • On equal footing with French, Breton, Provençal • Recognized in German medieval literature (c. 1200) • Part of the European cultural sphere THIS DEMONSTRATES: • Galician was NOT a "minor" or "peripheral" tongue • It had literary prestige across Europe • It was known and cited by major authors WHY GALICIAN WAS CONSIDERED A CULTURED LANGUAGE: In the 12th–14th centuries, Galician-Portuguese was the prestige language of lyric poetry in the Iberian Peninsula. Kings like Alfonso X of Castile and Dinis of Portugal chose Galician—not their own vernaculars—to compose poetry, because it was considered more melodic, refined, and suited to courtly love themes . The Cantigas (of love, of friend, of scorn) circulated across European courts, and Galician was explicitly listed alongside French, Breton, and Provençal as a language of culture (Wolfram von Eschenbach, Parzival ). Simply put: Galician was the "Italian" or "French" of medieval Iberia —the language you used when you wanted to be taken seriously as a poet. LIDDAMUS'S TERRITORIES IN GALICIA: CRITICAL IDENTIFICATION: Vedrûn ----> Pontem Veteram (today Pontevedra , literally "Old Bridge") Bertûn ----> Brittany Liddamus controls: • Galicia (from Pontevedra northward) • Extends to Brittany (France) THIS IMPLIES: • Galicia was a territory of strategic importance • Connected to Atlantic trade/military routes • Part of a broader Atlantic political sphere The mention of "many fortresses" (mange burc) indicates Galicia was heavily fortified and strategically significant. 3. THE HOLY GRAIL AND PEDRAFITA DO CEBREIRO. THIS IS THE MOST FASCINATING CONNECTION: Pedrafita do Cebreiro . Ancient pilgrimage site on the Camino de Santiago Holy Chalice legend . The church claims to hold a miraculous Eucharistic chalice Eucharistic miracle (c. 1300) . Medieval account of bread and wine transforming into flesh and blood Parzival's Grail quest . Wolfram's work centers on finding the Holy Grail Pedrafita do Cebreiro: The Threshold. Pedrafita = "fixed stone" or menhir (Galician: pedra + fita ). O Cebreiro = the mountain pass where the Camino de Santiago enters nuclear Galicia . This is not coincidence. This is sacred geography. • A menhir marks ancient ritual space: alignment, memory, threshold. • Pedrafita do Cebreiro literally means: "the standing stone." • If Wolfram von Eschenbach associated the Holy Grail with this location, he may have sensed what the name already reveals: this is a place of ancient power, transition, and revelation. Galahad, Monsalvat and O Cebreiro. In Arthurian legend, Galahad (the pure knight) reaches Monsalvat (Wolfram's Munsalväsche ), the mountain fortress where the Holy Grail is kept. The name has been interpreted as "mons salvatus" (saved mountain) or "mont sauvage" (wild mountain)—a place of revelation, accessible only to the worthy. O Cebreiro fits this archetype remarkably: A high mountain pass (1300 m.) at the entrance to nuclear Galicia Home to an ancient chalice with a documented Eucharistic miracle (c. 1300) A threshold space : where pilgrims cross from León into Galicia Pedrafita ( "fixed stone" / menhir): a marker of ancient sacred geography If Wolfram von Eschenbach knew of Galicia through the Camino de Santiago, Monsalvat could very well be a poetic encoding of O Cebreiro —a mountain of mystery, a guardian of the Grail, a place where the worthy arrive after journey. This would make Galicia not peripheral to Grail legend, but its sacred center . Fig. Pedrafita do Cebreiro and its 'pallozas' —oval dwellings with rye straw thatched roofs, of pre-Roman Celtic tradition. Miscellanea: Galicia in Medieval Cartography. Fig. Ard Galika ( The Land of Galicia ) is not a part of Al-Andalus like "Terra de Foris" ( Semal Al-Andalus " North of Al-Andalus") and Castile ( Ard Kastalia min Al-Andalus "Land of Castile [part] of Al-Andalus"). "Tabula Rogeriana" ( Al-Idrisi , y. 1154, copy by Konrad Miller) • SANCIUS, GALLICIÆ REX (926-929). • « post discessum huius uite genitores mei parauit se DIUISIO INTER GALLETIAE ET TERRA DE FORIS uel ciuitates de fratribus meis, qui obtinuerunt ciuitates et Terra de Foris [---] fecerunt modo uero fratrem meum domno Santio principem in regno constituto » « After the departure from this life of my parents, a DIVISION WAS PREPARED BETWEEN GALICIA AND THE FOREIGN LAND or the cities of my brothers, who obtained the cities and the Foreign Land [...] they made my brother Lord Sancho prince, established in the kingdom » (Celanova Monastery, Tumbo 2/505, year 925). • « Gallæciæ Rex Sancius parentibus S. Rudesindi, ac filiis, Villare donat, ubi postæ Cellenovæ Monasterium fundatum [an. 927] » « Sancho, King of Galicia, donates Villare to the parents of Saint Rudesind and to his sons, where afterwards the Monastery of Celanova was founded [year 927] » ( Enrique Flórez : "España Sagrada. Theatro Geográphico-Histórico de la Iglesia de España", t. XVIII, apud Antonio Marin, 1764). • « Sancius, Gallæciæ Rex, Bustum Villam Hermegildo Compostellano Epo. eiusque successoribus tribuit [an. 927] » « Sancho, King of Galicia, grants the village of Bustum to Hermegild, Bishop of Compostela, and to his successors [year 927] » ( Enrique Flórez : "España Sagrada. Theatro Geográphico-Histórico de la Iglesia de España", t. XIX, apud Antonio Marin, 1765). • « Serenissimus Rex Dns. Sancius universæ urbe Galleciæ princeps [an. 929] » « The Most Serene King, Lord Sancho, ruler of the entire territory of Galicia [year 929] » ( Enrique Flórez : "España Sagrada. Theatro Geográphico-Histórico de la Iglesia de España", t. XIX, apud Antonio Marin, 1765). • ALFONSUS IV LEGIONENSIS REX (rei de Terra de Foris 926-929; rei de Gallecia/Gallicia 929-931). • « Facta carta presentis donacionis, era DCCCC. LXXXV, regnante me Rege Garsia Sancionis in Pampilona, in Alava et in Nagera, comite Fortunio in Aragon, Adefonsus in Gallecia, [---] » « the charter of this present donation, in the Era 985 [947 AD], while I, King García Sánchez, reign in Pamplona, in Álava, and in Nájera; with Count Fortún in Aragon; [and] Alfonso in Galicia, [---] » ( Antonio Ubieto Arteta : "Cartulario de San Juan de la Peña I" , Textos Medievales 6, Valencia, 1962, p. 53). • RAMIRUS II, GALLICIÆ REX (931-951). • « Sol horribilem eclipsim passus est feria sexta, hora diei 3, quo die in Hispania Abdaram rex Sarracenorum a Radamiro Christianissimo rege Galliciæ in bello superatus est » « The sun suffered a horrible eclipse on Friday, at the third hour of the day, on which day in Hispania Abd al-Rahman, king of the Saracens, was defeated in battle by Radamir, the most Christian king of Galicia » ( Helinandus Frigidi Montis : "Chronicon" . Patrologia Latina, vol. 212, J.-P. Migne, Paris, 1855). • « Ramire Roi de Galice gaigna une bataille sur Abdaran Roy des Maures de Cordouë [...] » « Ramire, King of Galicia, won a battle against Abdaram, King of the Moors of Córdoba [...] » ( M. Claude Fauchet : "Les oeuvres de feu M. Claude Fauchet, president en la cour des monnoyes" , Ed. Iean de Heuqueuville, París, 1610). • « Hoc in tempore, ut ipsi bene nostis, sol magnam et cunctis terribilem passus est eclipsin, sexta feria, hora diei tertia; quae etiam die Abderahamem, rex vester, a Radamiro christianissimo rege Gallitiæ in bello est superatus » « At this time, as you well know, the sun suffered a great and terrible eclipse to all, on Friday, at the third hour of the day; on which same day Abderahamen, your king, was defeated in battle by Radamir, the most Christian king of Galicia » ( "Liudprandi Antapodosis. Lib. V." , MGH, vol. III, Ed. Georgius Heinricus Pertz, Hannover, 1839). • « Sed dum plus ultra, apud Italos diffunduntur, internecina clade funduntur apud Iberos, a Ramiro, Gallæciæ Rege, qui sub auspiciis S. Iacobi Ap. 70000 hostium percussit [...] [Index: Ramirus. Gallæciæ Rex 69-70.] » « But while they spread further beyond, among the Italians, they are poured out in internecine slaughter among the Iberians, by Ramiro, King of Galicia, who under the auspices of St. James the Apostle struck down 70,000 of the enemy [...]. [Index: Ramirus. King of Galicia 69-70.] » ( "Hierarchia Benedictino-Ecclesiastica" , typis Gregorii Menhardt, Estiria, 1752). • « Facta cartula sub era DCCCC. LXXX. VI., regnante Domino nostro Ihesu Christo, Gartia Sancionis rex in Pampilonia et in Aragone, regnante Fortunio Scemenonis et suo creato rege domno Sancio possidentes Aragone, Ranimirus rex Obeto sibe Galletia imperium suum » « Charter made under Era 986 [948 AD], with Our Lord Jesus Christ reigning, García Sánchez king in Pamplona and in Aragon, with Fortún Semeno reigning and his created king lord Sancho possessing Aragon, Ramiro king ruling his empire over Oviedo and Galicia » ( A. Ubieto Arteta , "Documentos reales" , Monasterio de San Juan de la Peña, n° 32). • « [A 951] tempore hiemis, diebus certis ianuarii uidelicet mensis, currente feliciter era DCCCCLXXXVIIII, regnante Domino nostro Iesuchristo, [...]. Ipsis igitur diebus obiit Galleciensis rex Ranimirus » « [In 951] in wintertime, on certain days of the month of January indeed, while the Era 989 [951 AD] was happily running, with Our Lord Jesus Christ reigning [...]. In those same days died the Galician king Ramiro » ( Valeriano Yarza Urquiola : "Gomesanis Albaildensis presbiteri prologus/El Prólogo de Gomez, presbítero de Albelda" , Cuadernos de Filología Clásica. Estudios Latinos, vol. 36, nº 2, 2016, p. 213). ( Denise Péricard-Méa : "Compostelle et cultes de saint Jacques au Moyen Âge (2000). La noblesse française à Compostelle." , Cap. XIII. Presses Universitaires de France (PUF). Col. Le Noeud Gordien, 2000, p. 241-248. "[...] The monk of Saint-Martin d'Albelda (near Logroño), who noted his passing in a manuscript, perhaps gives the answer: In those same days, died the king of Galicia, Ramiro"). • « Ramiro, fillo de Ordoño, rei de Yillîqiyyâ » « Ramiro, son of Ordoño, king of Gallecia/Gallicia » (Crónicas árabes: Ibn Hayyan ). • « Rudmir, le roi des Galiciens » « Rudmir, the king of the Galicians » (Crónicas árabes: al-Himyari ).