The Kingdom of Galicia in the texts (413- 1845) II. « Principes Galleciæ sedem transtulerunt Legione » = The princes of Galicia moved their seat to León.

Previously: https://budgetpixel.com/blog/the-kingdom-of-galicia-in-the-texts-413-1845-i?v=1774892911170 THE CONVULSIVE ERA. THE FIRST DIVISIONS OF THE KINGDOM OF GALLECIA OR GALLICIA: GALICIA AND TERRA DE FORIS INTRODUCTION At first, the reigns are brief and disputed. The ancient kingdom reunifies during the reign of Ramiro II. TERRA DE FORIS IN DOCUMENTS The extensive kingdom was divided into Galicia proper (with the capitals of Braga, Lugo, and Astorga), already recognized by the Arabs during the 10th century as Galīsiyya , at the extremity of Ŷillīqiyya (Gallecia or Gallicia), and Terra de Foris . Externally, in Arab references, the kingdom was seen as a single kingdom. The term Terra de Foris (also Foris Terra ) is understood as "the foreign land [the outsider's land]" . It refers to the territory of Gallecia or Gallicia annexed in Suevic times in the eastern part of their kingdom, its natural limes being the Pisuerga River and the Cea River, where the "legionense" or Leonese seat was located, always referring to the city and never to an external territory of Gallecia or Gallicia, and even less (like Asturias) independent from the kingdom or the Galician province, as can also be deduced from the Silense or Legionense Chronicle . • « [...] natalis sanctorum Emetherii et Celedonii, qui primum apud Legionensem Galliciae civitatem milites [...] » « [...] the birth of the saints Emeterius and Celedonius, who first at the Leonese City OF GALICIA were soldiers [...] » ( Usuardus Sangermanensis : "Martyrologium" , 9th century). • « in ciuitate que uocitatur Legio, in territorio Gallecie » « in the city which is called León, in the territory OF GALICIA » (León Cathedral, year 928). • « in Legione de Galletia » « in León OF GALICIA » (León Cathedral, year 946). • « [...] civitate vocantur Legione in Gallaecia » « [...] the city called León IN GALICIA » (Letter from Sancho of Navarre to Vermudo III, Monastery of San Juan de la Peña-Huesca, year 1030). This reference to Terra de Foris, which Spanish national historiography deceptively calls León, is found in the inheritance of the kingdoms by the monarchs or their dominant territories and in the testaments of the Galician nobility related to the king. • « post discessum huius uite genitores mei parauit se DIUISIO INTER GALLETIAE ET TERRA DE FORIS uel ciuitates de fratribus meis, qui obtinuerunt ciuitates et Terra de Foris [---] fecerunt modo uero fratrem meum domno Santio principem in regno constituto » « After the departure from this life of my parents, a DIVISION WAS PREPARED BETWEEN GALICIA AND THE FOREIGN LAND or the cities of my brothers, who obtained the cities and the Foreign Land [...] they made my brother Lord Sancho prince, established in the kingdom » (Celanova Monastery, Tumbo 2/505, year 935). The two eldest sons of Ordoño II divided the kingdom (parauit se diuisio inter Galletiae et Terra de Foris), so that Sancho Ordóñez kept Galicia with the title of king (domno Sancio in regno constituto), after his coronation in Santiago, while his brother Alfonso IV did the same in León. • « in Bergido in villa Sicca Vª parte. IN TERRA DE FORIS in Hordas, in ripa Rubea, in Alisonza, in Sullantio » « In Bergido, in villa Sicca, the fifth part. IN THE FOREIGN LAND in Hordas, on the Rubea Bank, in Alisonza, in Sullantio » (Celanova Monastery, Tumbo 1/2, year 942). • « regnante Veremudo serenissimo PRINCIPE IN FORIS TERRA SEU ET GALLECIE DOMINANTE » « Reigning Vermudo, most serene PRINCE, DOMINATING IN THE FOREIGN LAND AND ALSO IN GALICIA » (Samos Monastery, Tumbo 178, year 988). SAHAGÚN MONASTERY IN GALICIA This territorial fact manifests itself more clearly when it already refers to the monastery of Sahagún (San Facundo), located in the ancient Campus Gallaeciae (later Campi Gothici ): • « Collegio fratrum Sanctorum Facundi & Primitibi in finibus GALLECIE super ripam amnes Ceia » « To the college of brothers of Saints Facundus and Primitivus, on the borders OF GALICIA, on the bank of the Cea River » (Sahagún Monastery, year 1068). « Very gross ignorance, or very affected, of the Geography of Spain; for without having read Strabo, nor Mela, nor Ptolemy, one could see in all the ancient Geographers of Spain, and in the Histories of this Kingdom, that for many centuries the Kingdom of Galicia reached Sahagún, and somewhat further, to what was later called, and is called today, the Kingdom of Castile: and never, when this was not so certain, would the words 'in finibus Galaeciae' be verified of Ourense, nor of its surroundings; for no one until now has said that the land of Ourense is at the extremes/borders of Galicia » (Romualdo Escalona: "Historia del Real Monasterio de Sahagún", apud Joachin Ibarra, Madrid 1782, p.10). CASTLE OF LUNA IN GALICIA It is extremely curious that two ancient recognized historiographers, from two different countries, one French and one Portuguese, agree in placing the Castle of Luna in Galicia: • « Ce Prince (García), moins heureux que ſon frere, ne put comme lui recouvrer ſa liberté, & il fut long-tems gardé dans le CHÂTEAU DE LUNA EN GALICE » « This Prince (Garcia), less fortunate than his brother, could not like him recover his liberty, and he was kept for a long time in the CASTLE OF LUNA IN GALICIA » (Jean Du Castre d'Auvigny: "Amusements Historiques". Tome premier, Paris 1734, p.254). • « prendérao a seu Rey dom García, que levado ao CASTELO DE LUNA EM GALLIZA, nelle morreo » « They took their King dom Garcia, who was taken to the CASTLE OF LUNA IN GALLIZA, where he died » (Antonio Carvalho da Costa: "Corografía portugueza, e descripçam topográfica do famoso Reyno de Portugal". Tomo Primeiro, apud Valentim da Costa Deslandes, Lisboa, 1706, p. 11). THE EASTERN LIMIT: THE PISUERGA RIVER The eastern limit is clearly marked on the Pisuerga River: • « Illud omnimode interdicimus, ut nulli unquam personae facultas si Beati Jacobi Eclesiae censum illum qualibet ocasione subtrahere, quem Hispanorum Reges nobilis memoriae Alfonsi presentis, praedecesores pro salute TOTIUS REGNI VEL PROVINCIA STATUERUNT A FLUMINE PISORICAE USQUE AD LITUS OCEANI, annuatium ex singulis Boum paribus persolvendum, sicut in scriptis eiusdem Eclesiae continetur » « We forbid in every way that any person ever have the faculty to subtract by any occasion that tax of the Church of Saint James, which the Kings of the Spaniards of noble memory, the predecessors of the present Alfonso, established FOR THE SALVATION OF THE WHOLE KINGDOM OR PROVINCE FROM THE RIVER PISUERGA TO THE SHORE OF THE OCEAN, to be paid annually from each pair of oxen, as is contained in the writings of the same Church » ( "Historia Compostelana" collected in "España Sagrada" by Henrique Flórez , tomo XX, Madrid, 1763, p. 32). This could be considered partial if it were not exactly the same limit that the Crónica Silense marks both for the kingdom of Gallecia [Gallicia] of Vermudo III and Alfonso V and for the place of origin of Fernando I (who comes from the borders of Gallecia [Gallicia], that is, from the banks of the Pisuerga river, since he was Navarrese-Castilian): • « Ceterum Veremudus infans a finibus Galleciensium usque ad fluvium Pisorga qui Cantabriensium regnum separat, obeunte patre rex constituitur » « Moreover, the infant Vermudo from the borders of the Galicians up to the river Pisuerga, which separates the kingdom of the Cantabrians, upon his father's death is constituted king » ( "Historia silense" . [ed.] Francisco Santos Coco, JAEIC, Madrid, 1921, p. 64). • « Siquidem Sancius Cantabriensium, post mortem Adefonsi Galleciensium principis, Veremudo teneris annis impeditu, partem regni sui videlicet a flumine Pisorga adusque Ceia suo dominio mancipaverat » « Indeed Sancho of the Cantabrians, after the death of Alfonso, prince of the Galicians, with Vermudo hindered by tender years, had taken for his dominion part of his kingdom, namely from the river Pisuerga up to the Cea » ( "Historia silense" . [ed.] Francisco Santos Coco, JAEIC, Madrid, 1921, p. 65). • « Fredinandus deinceps extincto Veremudo, a finibus Gallecie veniens obsedit Legionem, et omne regnum sue ditioni degitur » « Ferdinand thereafter, Vermudo having been extinguished, coming from the borders of Galicia besieged León, and the whole kingdom was brought under his rule » ( "Historia silense" . [ed.] Francisco Santos Coco, JAEIC, Madrid, 1921, p. 67). LIST OF REFERENCES TO LEÓN AS A CITY (NOT KINGDOM) • « Adefonso regi IN CIUITATE LEGIONENSI » « To King Alfonso IN THE LEGIONENSE CITY » (y. 912) • « regnante et imperante principe nostro glorioso domnus Adefonsus LEGIONENSE SEDIS » « Reigning and commanding our glorious lord prince Alfonso OF THE LEGIONENSE SEE » (y. 929) • « Ranimirus rex IN LEGIONEM CIUITAS » « King Ramiro IN THE CITY OF LEÓN » (y. 940) • « Ordonio rege IN LEGIONE CIVITATE » « King Ordoño IN THE LEGIONENSE CITY » (10th cent.) • « Ranemirus IN CIVITATE REGIS SEDIS LEGIONEM » « Ramiro IN THE CITY OF THE KING'S SEE OF LEÓN » (y. 982) • « Regnante Sanctius rex IN SEDIS LEGIONENSIS » « King Sancho reigning IN THE LEGIONENSE SEE » (y. 1032) • « regnante principe Fernando prolis Santii IN SEDE LEGIONIS » «Prince Ferdinand, son of Sancho, reigning IN THE SEE OF LEÓN» (y. 1042) • « regnante rege Adefonso IN LEGIO CIVITAS » « King Alfonso reigning IN THE CITY OF LEÓN » (y. 1108) Note: All references say IN THE CITY of León, never "King OF León". THE FIRST OBJECTIVE OF THE GALICIAN MONARCHS The first objective of the galician monarchs was to recover, from El Bierzo and Galicia (Trastámara, Salnés, and the current province of Lugo and extreme north of Ourense), the western zone of the ancient kingdom. Equally, an important and very populated monastic network begins in these two regions of the Kingdom of Gallecia (or Gallicia), at the same time as the apostolic "inventio", not mentioned in the Asturian Chronicles nor later in the Castilian ones, is the catalyzing center that, on one hand, internally unifies the kingdom and, on the other, integrates it into the european world. This connection with Europe, which along with the ideological ones (the adoption of the french ecclesiastical rite) also extends to commercial relations, will provoke a serious ecclesiastical conflict between Toledo and Compostela, a conflict that will not end until the reign of Philip II. Note: In the Historia Compostellana it is clearly stated that Gelmírez transplanted to his Church the uses and customs of the Churches of France: • « applicuit animum, ut consuetudines ecclesiarum Francie ibi plantaret » « He devoted himself to plant the customs of the churches of France there » ( CC.MM 70, 222). Likewise, in the opposite sense, in the eyes of a 13th-century Frank, the Castilian land (Castile and Campos , it is, Terra de Foris ) is the land "of the Spaniards", which is full of "bad and vicious men", different from the "land of the Galicians", which "accommodates itself more perfectly than the other 'Spanish' populations, of backward customs, to our Gallic people, but the Galicians are irascible and litigious": cf. Codex Calixtinus vel Liber Sancti Jacobi. Liber Peregrinationis, cap. VII, 13th century ). • García I , Galliciae Rex (910-913).